This paper integrates the results of resistivity tomography and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys to investigate the structural features of the southestern Asaluyeh site. By combining these geophysical methods with field observations, the study aims to provide a precise interpretation of subsurface conditions, focusing on identifying layer thicknesses, fractures, and weakened zones. The study utilized Direct Current (DC) resistivity and electromagnetic methods, i.e., GPR, both known for their high resolution, rapid data acquisition, and cost-effectiveness. Four DC resistivity and GPR profiles were analyzed where the results show three critical zones of varying layering in the resistivity sections. These zones include the gypsum layer in the marl host and fractures within the marl layer, with depths of influence ranging from 5 to 12 m. The GPR surveys, identified anomalies based on dielectric permittivity differences. The Joint interpretation of DC resistivity and GPR results revealed significant correlations between two methods, enhancing the understanding of subsurface features. Critical zones identified by both methods showed substantial overlap, confirming the presence of subsurface anomalies and providing a comprehensive view of the site's geological conditions. This integrated approach demonstrates the effectiveness of combining DC resistivity and GPR in subsurface investigations, offering valuable insights for similar geotechnical studies.

GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) is well-known as an effective non-invasive imaging approach for shallow nature underground discovery, like finding and locating submerged objects. Although GPR has achieved some success, it is difficult to automatically process GPR images because human experts must interpret GPR images of buried objects. This can happen due to the possibility of a variety of mediums or underground noises from the environment, especially rocks and roots of trees. Thus, detecting hyperbolic echo characteristics is critical. As a result, Viola Jones detection is used to determine whether the presence of a hyperbolic signature underground indicates a pipe or not. GPR can also be used in the public works department because it is a non-destructive tool. Workers, for example, should be aware of the pipe size that must be replaced when it leaks. The original GPR image already shows hyperbolic image distortion due to pipe refraction. The current method is unreliable due to its lack of flexibility. As a result, there is another method for resolving this issue. Thus, the image will be pre-processed to eliminate or reduce background noise in the GPR input image. The results of this project demonstrate that the Viola Jones algorithm can accurately detect hyperbolic patterns in GPR images.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive evaluation geophysical method that is able to detect and imaging the all kinds of human handmade structures, subsurface heterogeneities caused by buried objects, identifying empty spaces and cavities in environments and shallow buried targets. GPR has many applications in diverse fields of engineering and science. In the present research, the ability of employing GPR method to detect and determine the location of unmarked graves and buried corps, for archaeological purposes and similar cases has been investigated. In Iran country, the GPR method has not been widely used in archeology, especially for discovery of unmarked graves and detection of buried corps...

In this study, the feasibility of using the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method to detect and locate subsurface utilities in various conditions has been investigated. To do this end, the performance of radar waves in detecting different material types in environmental conditions with different electrical conductivity has been studied. The GPR's performance criterion in this study is the resolution of the reflected waves in using radar systems with different central frequencies. The results indicate that the central frequency has a great influence on the size of the target with proper imaging. Moreover, the simulation results show that for central frequencies of 50, 250, 500 MHz, 1 GHz and 2 GHz, targets with sizes 125, 25, 6 and 3 cm cannot be detected, respectively. Estimated results on resolution are related to the radar wave propagation velocity in the media severely. Also, the estimated resolution values are valid for a medium with a wave propagation velocity equal to 0. 15 m/ns (For example, alluvium with moderate grains or dry sand). Simulation results on martial type based on relative electromagnetic permittivity (Ɛ ), sub-layer conductivity (δ ) and layers thickness (D), show that the electrical conductivity had a higher effect on the GPR results with respect to the other parameters and layers with an electrical conductivity of less than 0. 1 ohm-meter strongly weaken the amplitude of the transmitted wave and made it difficult to identify the target.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a rapid and non-destructive technique that has been proposed for measuring soil water content (SWC) at intermediate scales from field scale to sub-watershed. The objectives of this study were: i) to test the capability of GPR technique for predicting profile of SWC at field scale, and ii) evaluate GPR techniques compared with both the laboratory measurements and time domain reflectometry (TDR) method to provide accurate SWC. Consequently, a GPR apparatus (Akulla 9000) equipped with 700 MHz antennas was used as a common-offset to collect the data at three soils texture classes (sandy loam, loam and silty loam). Volumetric soil water content was obtained from laboratory measurements of gravimetric soil moisture and dry bulk density. A hyperbolic curve was fitted to the radar gram to estimate the velocity and dielectric constant of GPR signals. The dielectric constant values were then feed to the experimental function suggested by Topp et al. (1980). Comparing the GPR and laboratory measurement results, the root mean square error (RMSE) and maximum error (ME) were equal to 3. 32 and 5. 8, respectively. Regarding to the TDR results, as the target values, the RMSE and ME values were equal to 2. 4 and 5, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the GPR values and the laboratory measurements were 0. 86. In conclusion, GPR method, due to a higher sampling density, could be used as a rapid, cost-effective and non-destructive technique to estimate profile of SWC at scales from fields to sub-watershed.

Stripping is one of the asphalt surface distresses that is caused by moisture or by moisture have been intensifying. Stripping cause other distresses damage such a structural cracking and fatigue. Most common methods is coring and destructive test. The ratio of indirect tensile stress saturated to dry is one of them. But these tests are destructive and it takes time and money. In addition that test is suitable for points you core in asphalt surface and we can’ t evaluate this method for widespread paving. Nowadays Ground penetration radar it helps pavement engineering to evaluate continuous and non-destructive test. In this research we have compared dried and conditioned of Bulk Specific Gravity test with TSR. we found Related between ITS and Bulk Specific Gravity with diagrams then، we compare the result of GPR surveys dielectric with destructive test. It has significantly related between The ratio of indirect tensile stress saturated to dry and bulk gravity and dielectric constant. when moisture damage occur، air void percentage goes up and dielectric constant decrease.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) method is a non-destructive geophysical method that is used to detect subsurface heterogeneities and also recognition of various shallow targets. In present research, forward and inverse modeling of GPR data applied for archaeological study has been made. The study area is Tappeh Hissar, Damghan, in which GPR data along several survey lines have been acquired using 250 MHz shielded antenna for archaeological investigations. To achieve the goal, the real radar-gram of a survey line in the area has been obtained after applying different processing operations containing signal saturation correction and applying band-pass, auto-gain control and background re-moval filters on the GPR data using Reflexw software. Then, the synthetic radargram corresponding to the real radargram has been simulated using finite-different time domain (FDTD) method. After-ward inversion method with solution of an optimization problem was employed for validation of in-terpretation of GPR radargram in order to detect buried targets. The results of this research, that are based on the agreement between the radargram obtained from the real GPR data and the synthetic radargram corresponding to the real radargram, confirm the correctness of the interpretation of sub-surface archaeological investigations in the area, and thus, indicate the capability of application of GPR method for archaeological exploration.

The study area on the North West Coast of Oman Sea in Shoor and Parak estuaries is located within Near the Chabahar. Preparation outcrops GPR to produce and record all events take place at shallow depths below surface.The GPR and seismic profiles are in order to prepare and investigate the effects of subsurface. Identification of shallow subsurface structures and thickness of the different is due to the contrast in electrical properties such as electrical conductivity. This is important objective of the study research that is done by GPR methods. In this study, the GPR profiles were taken with instrument of GPR-Mala Geoscience-3 Step charger. In order to calibration the seismic data with characteristics facies obtained by using handy coring instrument (Euger) was prepared involves two cores to lengths of 4.35 and 5 m. The data from these two methods are compared and was obtained the necessary conclusion. The study showed that the cores are composed of two sedimentary facies. The first facies set (Muddy facies) with brown color that the sedimentary environment is supratidal and the second facies set (Sandy facies) with gray color that specificities are related to depositional environment intertidal.Profiles of the Shoor estuary show up four different facies that they are consistent with the core sedimentary facies in the environment are supratidal that thickness of Subsurface layers increases from northeast toward the South West. Profile of the Parak estuary show up two different facies that they are consistent with the core sedimentary facies in the environment are supratidal that thickness of Subsurface layers does not changed from northeast toward the South West. Since, the profile GPR Numbers the 73 and 74 was nearer to the sea and influence the saltwater sea on GPR data. Thus, in Parak estuary and the effect of sea water on depth Penetration is more and detection of subsurface structures is weaker that has leading to the identification two layers of subsurface.In Shoor estuary (The profile GPR Numbers the71 and72), high distance from the sea and the effect of sea water on depth Penetration is less and detection of subsurface structures is stronger that has leading to the identification four layers of subsurface. On the other hand comparison of sediment cores and GPR profiles with curve changes in global sea levels show that during two-Interval time (respectively 2100 to 2800 & 4900 to 5800 years ago) sedimentation rates was higher than average (0.1 mm per year). Finally, using GPR profile and cores, sea level changes in coastal environments can be revealed. These changes indicate that the two sedimentary cycles includes of a rise and fall sea level locally in the North West estuaries of Oman Sea in connection with the tectonic situation in the region.

Introduction: Dimension stones market is considered as an important and profitable sector of mineral deposit business due to their share in national economic performance. There exist a number of technical reports highlighting a lack of rock quality control in the sequence of quarrying and dimension stones production procedures, which has lowered the production efficiency and consequently the profitability of this strategic mineral industry in Iran. The quality of dimension stones depends on several factors which fractures, joints, voids and fine beddings are the most important factors that down-grade the quality. Therefore, foremost the quality and desirability of the building stone must be precisely determined by sampling, compressive strength testing and preparing microscopic sections. All of the mentioned evaluation methods are destructive. Moreover, sampling and performing multiple tests on all parts of a quarry or on all quarried stone blocks, is not possible. Detection of fractures hidden into the dimension stone blocks is achievable using fast, low-cost, accurate and non-destructive ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method. GPR is a high-resolution geophysical method which uses electromagnetic waves with high-frequency in order to map structures and detect buried objects in subsurface without coring or any destruction of the medium.Materials and methods: In current research, GPR method has been applied to evaluate the quality of quarried travertine blocks at Haji-Abad quarry complex in Mahallat district, Markazi province, before starting any processing operation. To achieve this goal, the 2-D GPR responses of synthetic models resembling cubic dimension stone blocks containing fine layering and discontinuities, were primarily simulated using a modified 2-D finite-difference forward modeling program in the frequency-domain coded in MATLAB. Among the variety of available numerical methods, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has paid more attention due to having the simple understanding of the concepts, flexibility, simulation and modeling of complex environments and the acceptability of its responses in the applied cases. In this research, the simulation has been implemented for both calcareous and dolomitic rocks (including travertine and marbles) and granites. In the study area, the GPR data acquisition was carried out using a GPR system equipped with shielded 250 MHz central frequency antenna, 0.5 m antenna distance and 2 cm sampling intervals by monostatic common-offset reflection profiling method. In order to process, analyze and interpretation of data, Ground Vision and Radexplorer software were employed. The most important pre-processing and processing operations applied to the data to provide the final sections, comprising time-zero correction, dewowing (removing very low frequency components from the data), DC shift removal, Butterworth filtering, running average, background removal and types of amplitude gain.Results and Conclusion: The results of the forward modeling show that the GPR response of fine beddings interfaces and major discontinuities hidden in the volume of dimension stone blocks are clearly detectable. Interpretation of the actual radargrams taken from a real GPR case study (Haji-Abad quarry complex) after employing various B-scan pre-processing and filtering procedures, indicates that GPR method is highly capable to detect fine beddings and discontinuities in order to evaluate the quality of dimension stone before starting any quarrying process. Validation of the obtained results of the present research was carried out on one of the blocks with a predicted large oblique joint while the existence of the large joint was proven under the cutting saw in the stone processing plant. However, it should be noted that due to the existence of inherent heterogeneity encompassing fine beddings, in addition to noises from different sources and their associated multiple reflections in real radargrams, the response of shallow major discontinuities may mask the response of minor ones located underneath or deeper, so as a result may not be detectable with routing GPR radargrams.

In general, a quantitative analysis of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data provides insights into the depth of sources and underlying geological features. This study compares the depth information obtained from GPR waves using diverse approaches to detect underground cavities. The processing techniques, including conventional processing (Kirchhoff migration), time reversal (TR) imaging, and the application of continuous wavelet transform (CWT) in TR imaging, known as compensated time reversal (CTR), are evaluated in comparison to commercial software. The predicted depths from TR and CTR align closely with drilling results, while traditional processing and Kirchhoff migration occasionally fall short in identifying distinct targets. Subsequently, we focused on typical subsurface cavities in urban areas, known as Kariz (ancient aqueducts), situated at three locations in Kashan, Iran, encompassing two active (water-carrying) and one dried Kariz. The TR and CTR results demonstrate the applicability of both techniques for additional applications, showcasing their effectiveness in estimating the depth of Kariz galleries using GPR signals.